"Madness is rare in individuals - but in groups, political parties, nations, and eras it's the rule." --Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche

And no madness is worse than greed. Every so often people assume that somehow they can make money out of the thin air. The most famous example was the Tulip mania of 1636-1637 in The Netherlands and the most recent one was the �dot-com� bubble of 1995-2001 (on March 10, 2000, the NASDAQ peaked at 5,132.52). Today we are witnessing the beginning of the end of the real estate bubble.

In every case, the madness begins with those who have high tolerance for financial risk. That is to say they are rich and can afford greater financial loss than others. They speculate and make money, lots of money. Soon the less wealthy see this and join the crowd and before you know it the whole country is involved.

When President Bush entered office he gave one trillion dollars (tax cuts) to the wealthy. In effect he increased the tolerance for financial risk of the wealthy individuals and companies even further. Later, he started the Iraq war, pouring billions of dollars into the economy. One should not forget that when the US government spends about $2 billion a week in Iraq, most of that money finds its way back into the US economy (salaries, armament, etc). But all these monies were borrowed money (deficit spending), and all the growth and feeling of well-being were illusory.

The money pumped into the economy had to find some channel for investment. So banks and financial institutions began to push money in hope of getting incredible returns. Easy credit was the solution. You want to buy a house? No problem, we'll finance 90-100 percent of it. You want to have a new car? No problem, we'll give you a loan. This push suddenly made it possible for millions of people to buy houses, putting pressure on the housing market. House prices sky-rocketed, increasing the illusion of increasing wealth, which in turn allowed people to borrow more money. All the time, banks and credit institutions were jubilant at the sight of extraordinary returns on their investments.

Credit companies charge around 18 percent to 23 percent interest on the dollar while they borrow the same money for 8 percent to 9 percent. It is a great business. The banks also had a good time. Cheap money was lent to people backed by assets that were appreciating in value. The risks were spread by slicing up, repackaging and selling mortgages to other banks and institutions. Before you knew it every bank, insurance company and god knows who else were rushing in to take their piece of the action.

Growth in housing construction represents a substantial part of general US economic growth. So with easy credit and the continuing increase in housing prices, the US showed a good growth rate, giving the illusion of well-being.

But as with the Tulip and dot-com manias, there comes a time when there is no more room for illusory growth and demand. The bubble bursts and asset prices crash. The banks are left with depreciating asset guarantees for their loans and before you know it the whole financial system is in trouble. Usually when this happens, it takes a few years for the companies and individuals involved to go bankrupt, after which the cycle starts anew. Hopefully with lessons learned.

But this time it is different. When a recession starts, the government has a few tools at its disposal to deal with the economic downturn: Interest rates, the budget and war. It reduces interest rates to stimulate economic growth. It can also start large infrastructure projects such road building, constructing bridges, etc., to reduce unemployment and stimulate the economy (deficit-spending). There is another sure way of kick starting the economy and that is war. Wars are good for businesses and reduce unemployment and stimulate important parts of the economy.

However, all three tools have been already used prior to the recent recession. The US has a huge trade deficit and is involved in two wars (Afghanistan and Iraq). It has also reduced its tax revenues by giving huge tax cuts to the rich. A large trade deficit, low tax revenue, tremendous debt, wars and low interest rates make it extremely difficult for the government to do much to help the economy.

If this were not enough, its currency, �the mighty dollar,� is losing its position as the preferred international reserve and trading currency. The Federal Reserves keeps pumping dollars into the market, while at the same time it keeps reducing interest rates. This means only two things, a devaluation of the dollar and an increasing inflation. Countries such as China, Japan, oil producing countries and others keep their reserves in dollar. These reserves are in the order of trillions of dollars. Imagine a 15 percent decline in the value of the dollar will translate to a $150 billion dollar loss for the Chinese government alone. How long will these countries tolerate this loss is anyone�s guess, but surely there comes a time when these countries will react and begin to switch to other currencies. It is then that we will see the real collapse of the US economy.

There is already some ominous signs of this. A few days ago, Venezuela declared that it will no longer sell its oil in dollars. Currently there are Iran, Venezuela, and Russia that have decided to trade their oil and gas in other currencies. In addition, some Arab countries have started to unpeg their currencies from dollar. For these countries' peg to dollar has meant importing inflation and they are trying to stabilise their economy. As the dollar decreases in value and more and more raw material producers switch away from dollar, this unpegging will only increase.

Let us look at why this happens. China buys oil in euros from Iran. It then produces gadgets and sells it in dollars. Naturally the dollar prices of Chinese goods increase. The US and others that use dollars or are pegged to the dollar will see an increase in prices of their imports, which are passed to the consumers. This means importing inflation. The countries that have pegged their currencies to the dollar naturally do not wish to import inflation and cut their losses. (Please note: raw materials in general are increasing in value, regardless of the currency. There is not enough space here to discuss this matter in detail)

This will put further pressure on the dollar, contributing to its decline. This, of course is not good for US consumers. When times were good (illusory), the US kept its inflation in check by importing goods from countries such as China, India, and other places; where imports were paid with dollars. Now some stuff has to be paid for in yen and euros, both of which are appreciating in value against the dollar. At the same time oil and gas prices have increased tremendously, not only in dollar terms but also in other currencies. All these things mean that the US has to pay many more dollars for the goods that it imports. In simple terms, US inflation is rising rapidly. In my opinion, the US government is not telling the American people the real truth, fearing a further collapse in confidence.

The outlook for the US economy

When recession hits, the government usually starts deficit spending to increase employment. At the same time, interest rates are reduced to stimulate economic growth. The United States is now in an unenviable position of entering recession with very low interest rates, huge deficits and a declining dollar.

Already in August 2006, I warned about the coming financial crisis (please read �U.S. and The Coming Financial Crisis�). The following is an excerpt from that article: �The current account deficit of over 7 per cent has long passed its danger levels of 4-5 per cent. In 2005 the U.S. government paid $325 billion dollars only in interest payments alone. Then there are the future obligations such as Medicare, Social Security and government pensions. These obligations amount to $54 trillion dollars. This huge problem worried the former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan. He told congress: �As a nation, we may have already made promises to coming generations of retirees that we will be unable to fulfill�

As can be seen the government has not the ability to meet its existing financial obligations to the American people, let alone starting infrastructure projects to reduce unemployment or help the economy.

With regards to the interest rates, the Federal Reserves has very little room for manoeuvre. Already the real interest rates are in negative territory (lower than inflation), although the government and the experts say otherwise. Further interest rate cuts will only increase inflation and devalues the shaky dollar even further. But this is exactly what the Federal Reserves is doing. This is most likely to rescue big financial institutions, the very institutions that were earning huge profits from unsuspecting American consumers. In effect, the Fed is abandoning the poor and helping the rich. If the government were serious in helping the working American, it would have paid the money directly to the people, so that they could pay their debt. Instead it is pouring hundreds of billions of dollars into the banks. If you count the monies that have been poured into the financial markets, you�ll see that $160-$200 billion dollar tax rebate to the people was only mere peanuts as compared to what banks and others have received.

All in all, one can say that this recession, if it doesn�t turn into a depression, will be severe and will last at least two to four years. Now you must realise that I am talking about the effects of the recession and not technical recession. The recent technical recessions that we have seen is listed below:

• January-July 1980: 6 months (worst quarter GDP Growth -- 7.8 percent )
• July 1981-November 1982: 16 months (worst quarter GDP Growth -- 6.4 percent)
• July 1990-March 1991: 8 months (worst quarter GDP Growth -- 3.0 percent)
• March 2001-November 2001: 8 months (worst quarter GDP Growth -- 1.4 percent)

Technically a recession may last one year, but the effect of that recession on families may last a decade. Some lose their homes, some their jobs, some families will break up and so on and so forth. The human misery of technical recession lasts much longer than the recession itself. Anyway, if the price of houses is dropped by 40 percent in two years, how many years of growth will it take to retake that 40 percent? Usually much longer than people think.

I wrote an article in September 2006 titled �Who Will Pay the US Debt?.� In this article I explained who will be most affected by the coming financial crisis.

This is a direct excerpt from that article: �The truth is that at the end of the day it is the American people that have to pay. This will be in the form of higher taxes and reduced governmental services. In other words lower living standards. The poor and the working poor do not have anything to give. Their contribution will be in form of statistics. The number of people living below poverty line will increase. They will suffer because they rely on many services that will be cut or reduced. The rich will always find some loop-hole to avoid paying the major part of their share. Even if their wealth is reduced by 10 percent, they will see no hardship. This leaves us with the Middle class. This group will be hit the hardest. They will see their taxes and expenses increase simultaneously. A good portion will have to live on far less than they are used to. Many will work longer hours just to stay solvent. Many may also join the working poor. It all may sound rather apocalyptic but the numbers do not lie. Politicians may avoid this problem for now, but sooner or later someone has to pay the piper.�

The world economy

It is said that when the US sneezes the world catches cold. This was true before but the world has started to think that it can decouple itself from the US economy. Here the umbilical cord is the US dollar; once that is cut, slowly but surely the decoupling will take place, with dire consequences for the US. As I mentioned before, already some important oil producing nations have decided to abandon the dollar. Others have decided to unpeg their currencies. Others such as China have started thinking about reducing their reserves in dollars. Once others begin to do the same, the dollar will cease to be the international reserve and trade currency of choice. Meanwhile, major trading partners have to just bite the bullet and accept the consequences of holding to the dollar.

You know the saying that if you owe the bank one hundred thousand dollars you are in trouble, but if you owe the bank one hundred million dollars, the bank is in trouble. Currently, US owes foreigners over two trillion dollars. In addition many trillions of dollars are also held in foreign central banks. These countries are in trouble and they will try hard to stabilise the US economy, if only for saving their own money.

But they don�t do this out of love. They just need stability to reduce their dollar holdings gradually and hence save as much of their reserves as possible. If they mention this openly, the dollar will collapse overnight and they lose. So the long-term plan would be to reduce their exposure to the dollar as gradually and as quietly as possible. This of course doesn�t mean that the value of dollar will not fluctuate; it simply means that over time dollar will become just like any other currencies and will be treated similarly. The Federal Reserves will no longer be able to just print money and refuse to publish the M3 statistics.

The US will also need to begin building reserves in other currencies. Today, the US dollar has no backing. People accept the dollar on faith alone. Imagine if that faith suddenly disappears. Will you exchange 1 kg of green paper for 1,000 microwaves? I doubt it.

But meanwhile, the world�s economy will experience the negative effects from the US economic downturn. The most affected areas will be China and other Asian �emerging� economies and the European Union.

The case for the European Union is straightforward. A flight from the dollar to the euro makes the EU�s exports much more expensive, just when one of its biggest trading partners, the US, goes into recession. The European Union will also feel the pains of the financial crisis of the US. Many EU financial institutions had invested in the US and now they will have to accept the losses. So we will see a downward trend in Europe, but not as severe as the one in the US. In addition, the European Central Bank has still a lot of room for manoeuvre. It can reduce interest rates substantially. The EU also has a smaller total deficit than the US. Most importantly, most of the EU countries have solid social security nets in place which will dampen the effects on their citizens.

China, on the other hand, lacks this social security net, but has large foreign reserves. Most of this reserve has been the result of its exports. Last year, its trade surplus with the US was over $200 billion. This surplus will diminish substantially over the coming year, unless of course the US continues to spend the money that it doesn�t have. But, in general, a recession in the US and a slowing economy in the EU will impact China negatively. Its exports will decline and its unemployment will increase, something that the Chinese government is very sensitive to. China suffers from a double digit unemployment rate, something that the Chinese government is reluctant to discuss openly. For example, in 2004, the RAND Corporation estimated actual Chinese unemployment to be 23 percent. Things haven�t improved that much since then. Even if the unemployment rate were down to 15 percent, it still presents a very large number.

So China will most likely embark on large infrastructure projects to keep unemployment levels stable. The government will also try to improve its social security programs and pay more attention to the interior of the country, where the benefits of double digit growth have not reached yet. The economic growth will also be reduced to single digits, relieving some pressure on oil prices.

India will fare worse than China simply because its population growth is higher than China's and it lacks the Chinese reserves and resources. According to the Indian government forecast, India needs to create 10 million new jobs per year to keep its unemployment rate steady. But others put that figure at 15 million. An Indian national report on the employment situation has warned that nearly 30 percent of the country�s 716 million-strong workforce will be without jobs by 2020. This, of course, is a conservative estimate based on continued solid economic growth; something that, at least with the current economic outlook, is highly unlikely.

Stock market: The near term outlook

The outlook as you have guessed is not good. I have been waiting for this crash since mid-2006 and what kept it from happening was what Greenspan called the �irrational exuberance� of the investors. The markets, especially the US markets, will plunge further. I see Dow Jones below 11,500 and Nasdaq at 1,900. The full picture of financial crisis is still hidden and the full cost of the coming bailouts will not be known until autumn.

Of course, this is not written in stone. The US government may come to its senses and decide to act responsibly and allow many companies and banks to go under. It may try to support the dollar. It may try to cut the budget deficit or the trade deficit. It may even decide that its war in Iraq was not and is not such a good idea and withdraw its troops. It may even try to get friendly with Venezuela and Iran, thereby reduce both the price of oil and pressure on the dollar. The truth is that it is the US president that can do these things and not the Federal Reserve. We just have to wait for the elections and see who is elected as the next president.

It is my opinion that no other US president has damaged the United States as much as George W. Bush, and he will be remembered, by Americans and others, as one of the worst US presidents ever. But he is at the end of his second term and has under a year to destroy the rest of the economy. Let us hope that he will be busy with other things and doesn�t do more damage. Let us also hope that the American people will not fall for promises of further tax cuts and glories in battlefields abroad. Neither brings peace and prosperity.

Copyright � 2008 Abbas Bakhtiar. All rights reserved.